Currently coincidences are lumped under one umbrella with various names as if they are all the same: synchronicity, serendipity synchros, synchs, Godwinks and “just” a coincidence. All coincidences are not created the equal! The new discipline of Coincidence Studies begins with defining and establishing the primary categories of coincidences. In this way we can investigate differences and similarities among and between coincidence types. By creating the primary categories, we will find, among other things, that different types of coincidences have different processes, explanations and uses.
The primary categories are:
* Morphology involves classifying objects in a group by shape. In biology, for example, morphology deals with the form and structure of animals and plants. Like zoology and botany coincidences can be categorized by their common shapes. Shape differences help sharpen our understand of function and cause.
* Process refers to the various sequences of events that help create the coincidence like “sitting down next to a stranger”.
* Explanations include possible causes the two most prominent of which are God and randomness.
* Uses covers the potential impact of coincidences including advice, support and supplying just what is needed.

Mind and Thing: The Basis for Morphology

A coincidence is usually defined as the surprising intersection of two or more similar events with no apparent cause.
The events making up a coincidence involve either an intrapsychic event (Mind) and/or an observable event in the environment (Thing). These two possibilities create three categories: Mind-Thing, Mind-Mind and Thing-Thing.

I.  Mind-Thing: the intersection of a mental event with an environmental event. Mind-thing coincidences include but are not limited to:
* Synchronicity: A mental pattern matches an environmental event possibly offering significant psychological change as illustrated by Jung’s scarab.       
* Serendipity: unexpectedly finding needed people, things or ideas as illustrated by the amazing series of events involving the discovery and manufacture of penicillin.
* Precognition: imagining something to happen and then finding that it happens

II.  Mind-Mind: the intersection of two mental events. Two (or more) people experience a similar thought and/or feeling at a distance usually around the same time:
* Telepathy: two people simultaneously have similar dreams or thoughts.
Simulpathity: experiencing the pain of a loved one at a distance

III. Thing-Thing: the appearance of two or more unexpected, similar, environmental events. Also called seriality. The difference between mind-thing and thing-thing is that a 3rd person can observe the matches.
Specific examples: Simultaneous discoveries, Doppelgangers, a long string of similar symbols (e.g. monkeys).

Morphology subsets includes those created by the conscious intention of the coincider. Consciously intended coincidences include:

1) Creative visualization: Imagining a desired something and then it happens.
2) Non-Coincidence: person expects a certain match and it does not come.
3) The mantic arts like tarot cards and I Ching. The seeker is consciously creating a potentially meaningful coincidence between one's personal situation and the cards or coins.
4) Reincarnation research. Researchers record details of people described by young children and then actively search for the past existence of such a person. A strong similarity becomes a coincidence in need of explanation. Reincarnation pairing resembles a doppelganger in the current life.
5) Near Death Experiences: Researchers intentionally test the hypothesis that there is a similarity among the reports of people on the brink of death and returning to life. These reports form a serial coincidence.
6) Cosmic Coincidences: Carbon-based life on Earth, depends on a narrow range of many different cosmic constants. This is not a similarity-based coincidence. This coincidence is that all these variables are "not too hot or not too cold but just right" for human existence. 

 

Continuous Variables: Probability, Similarity, and Temporality

* Mind-Thing, Mind-Mind and Thing-Thing are discrete variables. Most coincidences can be placed in one of these sharply defined groups. Other descriptive features involve continuous variables.